Note that the state of a composite system is always expressible as a sum, or superposition, of products of states of local constituents it is entangled if this sum necessarily has more than one term. If entangled, one constituent cannot be fully described without considering the other(s). It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair “knows” what measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even though there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the particles, which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances.Īn entangled system is defined to be one whose quantum state cannot be factored as a product of states of its local constituents (e.g., individual particles). ![]() However, this behavior gives rise to paradoxical effects: any measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e.g., by collapsing a number of superposed states) and in the case of entangled particles, such action must be on the entangled system as a whole. For example, if a pair of particles is generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, then the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise because of the nature of quantum measurement. Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, polarization, etc., performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated. ![]() Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently - instead, a quantum state may be given for the system as a whole.
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